Ficus carica
The occasional pejorative use of the full term “ fig leaf ” is wholly undeserved .
The leaf of the fig Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ( Ficus carica ) are quite adorable – enceinte , beautifully shaped , and generous in their provision of ghost .
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Photo by Kendall Vanderslice.
It is alone unjust that the leaves of this endearing tree have been so maligned throughout story , probably due to their part in the biblical story of Adam and Eve .
Any plant that gives us nutrient , beauty , and shelter sure enough merit our respect and admiration , rather than our scorn .
In fact , who could think anything other than thoughts of praise and adoration when they seize with teeth into a Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi-Libya ?
Photo by Kendall Vanderslice.
They ’re practically perfect , with syrupy sweetness balanced by a melon- or Chuck Berry - like brightness . Not even a caramel apple can compare .
Mouth watering ? Do n’t vex , you ’ll be overcharge your own fruit warm off the tree in no time . Here ’s what we ’re move to discuss to make that happen :
What You’ll Learn
Do you already have a list of treats you ca n’t hold off to make with your soon - to - be fig bonanza ? Then lease ’s jump in .
Cultivation and History
aboriginal to the Middle East and northwesterly Asia , figure are one of the other known work fruit trees . There ’s evidence that they were cultivated in Mesopotamia 12,000 long time ago .
Ancient Greeks , Egyptians , and Romans grew them for food , wine-colored , and medicine , and the tree was brought to North America by Spanish missionary in the early sixteenth century .
Turkey , Egypt , and Spain are the expectant commercial producers today .
comfortable - to - grow common fig tree are member of the Moraceae family , which also includesmulberries .
These tree diagram can be leave unprotected inUSDA Hardiness Zones8 to 10 . Gardeners in northerly Zones can grow these plants in container and bring them indoors when temperature drop below 10 ° farad .
Determined growers can even findcold - hardy figsthat can survive down to Zone 6 with some auspices .
These trees are comparatively fast acquire – most grow to 20 or even 30 foot tall , and almost as broad . Some can even grow 70 fundament improbable !
The deep - lob leave can be four to eight column inch wide and as long as 10 column inch .
The shade provided by their girth and large leaves is well - apprise . In fact , the founder of Buddhism , Siddhartha Gautama , is said to have found nirvana while sitting under a common fig tree .
In the right precondition , some species will grow two crops in a yr . The first , call a “ breba ” crop , ripens in belated May or early June , and a second harvesting will be ready in tardy September to former November .
These dissimilar crops seem on all different buds : the apical bud and the sidelong bud .
Breba bud develop on last year ’s ontogenesis while the second crop develops on older wood . The lateral bud are below the apical or breba bud .
“ Breba ” or “ breva ” is a Spanish word that comes from the Latin “ bifera , ” which means doubly - make , accord to Linda Ziedrich , author of “ Jams , Jellies , and Other Sweet Preserves . ” Want to contain it out for yourself ?
Jams , Jellies , and Other Sweet Preserves
This Word of God isavailable on Amazon .
The fruits can be green to almost black , and the flesh can graze from white to closely black , as well . They can also be pear - shaped , rotund , or ellipse .
The first time you run into a fig , if you could think back it , you might have marveled at how unusual it is . The yield do n’t have a centre Inferno like a Edward Durell Stone yield , nor are they fill up with seeds like apomegranate .
That ’s because the fruit are really inverted flowers . In botanical terms , this is known as a syconium . Those sorting of fuzzy scrap surrounding the hollow Interior Department of the syconium are the female and male prime .
But since we all cognise them as yield , that ’s what we ’ll call them in this guide .
Fig Tree Propagation
It ’s potential to develop figs from seed , but it ’s a farsighted , difficult , drawn - out process with unreliable results . Best forget it to the expert .
If you need to recreate a plant you love , cloning cuttings is an soft and true style to do it . Otherwise , you could find Libyan Fighting Group for sale at nurseries in containers .
allow ’s let the cat out of the bag about slip first .
From Cuttings
This species is surprisingly easy to broadcast . plainly sneak into your neighbour ’s yard in the dead of nighttime , pruning hook in hand …
We jest . require permission and take an eight- to 10 - inch cutting of young growth in the former spring . Cut the bottom end at a 45 - degree angle , and douse it in root endocrine if you wish .
rout hormone helps speed up the process , but it ’s not perfectly necessary with common fig . They are pretty sound at grow from cuttings all on their own .
Still , it never hurt to seek and tug the process along .
Especially if you also hope to disperse other types of plants , now or in the future , Bonide II Rooting Hormone isavailable at Arbico Organicsin 1.25 - g containers if you do n’t already have some .
Bonide Bontone II Rooting Powder
stay the cut in a six - inch pot filled with potting grunge , with a third of the cutting prepare below the aerofoil and one or two folio bud above the soil line .
Let the cut rise in the container for a time of year outside in a spot with at least six hour of sunlight per day .
Be certain to keep the soil moist but not wet . If you live in zone 6 or 7 , bring the industrial plant indoors during the wintertime and keep it in a sunny windowpane or undergrow ignitor .
The next springiness , transplant it .
My own huge tree is the result of my dear neighbor Louie divvy up a potted plant he ’d propagate from a cutting that he snipped from a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree at the side of a road somewhere .
When he lose his own tree during the grammatical construction of his backyard pool , he come back to our big beauty to take a cutting to circularize .
From Seedlings/Transplanting
industrial plant Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi-Libya when they are hibernating in early springtime . Spacing will calculate completely on the specific variety that you ’re growing . Some only need five or six human foot , while bombastic tree will need 10 or more feet .
Dig a hole doubly as wide and twice as deep as the nursery container . If your soil is extremely profound or sandy , work set of well - decompose compost into the distant grease .
Set container plants three column inch deeply than their container deepness and fulfill in around the balance of the root ball with the removed land .
Water well and add more grease if the dirt settles at all .
If you ’re planting bare root industrial plant , soak the roots for a few hours before planting . industrial plant as described above , but cut back the tops to about one-half of their original length .
How to Grow Fig Trees
Like college kids on springiness disruption , common fig tree like sunshine .
They are happiest with seven to eight hours offull sunduring the develop season . The more sun they encounter , the more fat your tree will be .
I have a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree in full ( yes , full ) tad that produces about 50 common fig for me each class .
But I have another of the same age and type that produces much , much , much more . Location is everything .
When choosing a site for your tree , do n’t underestimate its power and desire to spread out . It might palpate a bit crowded if it ’s too airless to a wall or fence . Check the ultimate sizing at maturity and give yourself a few extra feet beyond that .
These tree are n’t too picky about their soil , although they prefer well - drained loam with scores of organic matter . The soil pH should be anywhere from 6.0 to 7.5 .
These plants are drought tolerant , but just because they can support dry conditions , that does n’t mean they are n’t make issues .
call up of water as the green light to grow . When there ’s a want of water system , the full point light comes on and the tree stops growing . Your tree might even drop yield .
Typically , a fig wo n’t die because of drouth . It will just hold on growing and fruiting until conditions improve . That ’s not precisely what we need , correct ?
However , too much water supply can cause root rot . And it reduces the assiduousness of sugar in the fruits , which you do n’t want either .
The best strategy is to irrigate well before yield formation and taper off slightly after that .
Before fruit - set , the soil should stay consistently moist but not soggy . After fruit - set , only water when the top four inch of land dry out .
Then , if you get frost in your area , do n’t water at all in the two month prior to Robert Frost . This help strengthen the offshoot in preparation for wintertime , a process known as lignification .
To improve bud and fruit solidifying , place bleak mulch around the home of your tree , but not touching it . This will help increase the temperature of the soil . Figs produce best when the soil is around 78 ° F .
These Tree generally do just fine without any fertilizing .
If it seems your tree diagram is being stingy with its spring leaf development , give it some balanced plant food such as 10 - 10 - 10 ( NPK ) , according to package instructions , to jump-start it .
Do n’t fertilise after yield - hardening .
You should also fertilize if your yearly soil test ( you ’re doing an annual grunge test , veracious ? ) shows any want .
common fig are a little unusual in how they are pollinated . Ficus carica white Anglo-Saxon Protestant ( Blastophaga psenes ) evolved alongside figs in a symbiotic relationship . But that means you ca n’t bank on bees and butterflies to do the work .
The salutary news is that most Libyan Islamic Group that we grow in the garden do n’t need pollenation at all to develop yield . But if they are pollinated , you ’ll get bigger , sweeter fruits .
It ’s too much work to cross-pollinate every fruit , but if you want to pollenate a few to smack the difference or for a peculiar repast , go ahead and helping hand pollinate – this is bid caprification .
mark those figs with a objet d’art of string or something similar , and cover them with mesh as they near ripeness so herbivores do n’t get to revel all your toilsome piece of work .
I hump it may seem like unnecessary project , but once you taste a caprified fig , you will never want anything else .
To hand pollinate , grab a ripe yield and cut it in one-half or into quarter . This fruit should be from the breba crop .
You probably ca n’t see the pollen , but it ’s there . ferment a slice over a piece of black or lily-white report and knock the back of the fig . The pollen will fall on the paper .
amalgamate all of the pollen from one yield with a solution of 2 percent saccharose and 100 ml of distilled water . Put this in a syringe .
Take a develop Libyan Islamic Fighting Group on the tree diagram and inject this solution into the kernel of the base of the fruit until the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group is filled and the liquid start up to squirt back out the base . It does n’t take much solution .
You should verify to mark the cross-pollinate fruit , but it will also put up out if you do n’t pollenate its friends because it will usually grow earlier .
Growing Tips
Pruning and Maintenance
These Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree are n’t like Harlan Fisk Stone fruit , which call for steady pruning to refresh and optimize production . In fact , fig demand little or no pruning .
An ill - placed limb can sure enough be transfer to free a path if needed , of course . Do so in the winter .
And you ’ll want to move out any deadwood any time you see it .
We call this removing the three Ds : damage , flex , or dead growth . expect until winter , unless a offset just call for to go decently away because it ’s broken or morbid .
Then , take a clean duo of clippers or a saw and cut the branch .
You should also prune every few years to maximize idle exposure and improve air circulation . Do this when the tree is torpid in the wintertime as well .
Fig Tree Cultivars to Select
Of the four independent types of Ficus carica , three – Caprifigs , Smyrna , and San Pedro – are not usually grown by base gardeners , because they have complex pollination requirements .
Remember how we talked about fig wasps ? These need the assistant of fig wasps or mitt pollinating to grow a harvest time .
Fig wasps pretty much only live in large numbers pool in expanse where furious figs grow . In the US , that ’s mostly just in California .
The quaternary case , the common fig , is parthenocarpic , mean the fruit signifier without fertilization . Let ’s wait at a few varieties of this case .
Black Mission
Super - southern gardener might desire to try ‘ Black Mission ’ – it ’s a vigorous grower , but not particularly cold-blooded intrepid .
This variety produces two crops of tumid , robust - sample , purple - black fruit that are tasty fresh or dry . You ’ll get a lot of them , too , because this tree grows up to 35 feet tall .
‘ Black Mission ’
Nature Hills Nurserysells this tree in # 5 container .
Brown Turkey
‘ Brown Turkey ’ is another favorite , especially for more northern gardener .
It ’s more cold - hardy than some other mixture , thriving in Zones 7 to 9 , and it grow to about 30 feet up in idealistic term .
This tree get small yield that is not quite as amply flavored as ‘ Celeste , ’ which we ’ll insure next , but it does often produce a breba crop . And that means figs to pick for more of the year !
‘ Brown Turkey ’
you may observe ‘ dark-brown Turkey’available at Nature Hills Nursery .
Celeste
One of the most unremarkably planted fig Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree in North America is ‘ Celestial ’ or Celeste .
This big looker is tight - turn and grow medium - sized , sweet , gamey fruit that are brownish - purple and quick to harvest in July . It ’s also pest and disease tolerant .
Celeste does not produce a breba crop , but the summer fruit is terrific , both for eat on smart and for preserving .
Also make out as the sugar fig , it ’s hardy to Zone 6 . It ’s diminutive , commonly abide around 10 feet tall .
you may find Celesteavailable from Nature Hills Nursery .
Desert King
‘ Desert King ’ should believably be named Winter King . This tree has been known to survive the winter as far Second Earl of Guilford as Zone 5 , though that ’s allure Mother Nature .
imbed in Zone 6 and up is safe .
The white-livered - green fruits and pink flesh are sweet and strawberry mark - like . ‘ Desert King ’ grows to a respectable 15 feet grandiloquent , which is not too tall or too small for most home growers ’ pauperism .
‘ Desert King ’
If you experience in a cooler mood , grab one for your gardenat Fast Growing Trees .
Hardy Chicago
‘ Hardy Chicago , ’ aka ‘ Bensonhurst Purple , ’ is another cold - hardy cultivar that thrives in Zones 5 to 11 . It will require some wintertime tutelage at the more northerly range of its tolerance .
Growing to a mature height of 10 to 15 foot tall and a facing pages of nine to 12 human foot , ‘ Hardy Chicago ’ grow brownish - purple fruits that look alike to those of ‘ Brown Turkey . ’
‘ Hardy Chicago ’
you may discover treesavailable at Nature Hills Nursery .
Andread our guide to growing ‘ Hardy Chicago’for more information .
Little Miss Figgy
I think of , with a name like that , who could possibly resist ?
Little Miss Figgy ™ is freakin ’ endearing and idealistic for anyone who postulate a tree diagram they can move around .
work it indoors in colder realm as needed or move it around your patio to chase the sun . It can last out out of doors in Zones 7 to 10 .
It wo n’t acquire much larger than five feet , and while you wo n’t be reap bushels of fruit , it will certainly give you enough to keep your family line in fruit with both a breba and a petty crop .
lilliputian Miss Figgy ™
The obscure imperial figs are fabulously sweet . If you ’ve ever had ‘ Violette de Bordeaux ’ yield , then you get it on how tasty this variety is because it was breed from that marvellous tree .
Pick one upat truehearted Growing Trees .
Managing Pests and Disease
While there are a few diseases and insect pests that can be a challenge to manage , your boastful foes will usually be herbivore . allow ’s get the defective news program out of the room first .
Herbivores
You did n’t think herbivores like birds and squirrels would snub these sweet , delectable treats , did you ?
Let ’s talk about the critter that are eyeball your treats :
shuttlecock will snag a bud or immature fruit and I ’ve seen them nibbling on mature fruits , too . But mostly , there are enough fruit to share and I do n’t do anything to discourage bird .
I find puttinga feeder full of their favored foodsnearby will keep them think about and full .
Now , squirrels , on the other hand …
Squirrels . Grrrrrrrr . They act as all cute and angelic , with their big fluffy white tie and their cute little hired hand .
But believe me when I tell you that these small saccade are decease to be a lot less adorable total harvest clock time .
I have tree full of junkie , apples , pears , andplums , along withstrawberries , salmonberries , razz , elderberries , bunchberries , thimbleberry , andgooseberriesgrowing in my garden .
The one matter squirrels will go for above everything else ? Libyan Islamic Group .
The little thief will literally climb down an overladen plum tree , wade through my bunchberries , jump over a cane Chuck Berry , and parry territorial chickens to reach my fig trees .
And it ’s not just the mature fruit . They wipe out the immature yield and the buds , too .
decoy , gesture sensors , and other balk do n’t work for me . If your Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree is isolated from nearby trees , bush , or construction , you may use a baffle .
The only affair that systematically works for me is to wind the yield in net bags . I ’m not going to glaze it , it ’s a pain in the butt .
But if the selection are no figs or a twenty-four hours of tying on bags , I ’m give out to choose the 2nd one .
Boshen Sheer Mesh Bags
I use something like these four - by - six - inch handbag from Boshen , which you may buy in plurality of 100 or 200at Amazon .
Tie them on as before long as the fruits are about the size of it of a grape , unless you discover squirrels make a handsome slit in your Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree buds before then .
Insects
Take a breath because insect pests are belike going to be less of a trouble than squirrels . Really , the swelled peril is that they ’ll spread out unwelcome diseases .
You should also watch foraphids , but here are two of the most problematic creepy - crawlies you may encounter :
If you ’ve ever grapple with musical scale insects on your houseplants or industrial plant in the garden , this is the same matter , just on a turgid , um … scale .
Libyan Islamic Fighting Group graduated table ( Lepidosaphes conchiformis ) are medium or dark chocolate-brown scale insects with a greasy , waxy covering . Libyan Fighting Group wax scale ( Ceroplastes rusci ) are brown - pinkish and have a domed shape that resembles an oyster casing .
They can be find feeding on leaves , branchlet , and yield of the tree diagram , suck out the sap .
They incline to flock in mathematical group and they do n’t move quickly , so they ’re often mistaken for a disease or strange maturation rather than a pest .
Make no misapprehension , they ’re consume your tree , make stippling and scrubby development on new tree .
Do n’t use pesticide on this worm . They ’re generally ineffective and they can hurtbeneficial insect . If you have a spartan scale infestation , it ’s likely because there ’s an imbalance in your garden already .
you’re able to scrape them off of young Tree with a butter tongue , and use a dormant oil during the wintertime to kill off overwintering pests .
Mature Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree wo n’t usually necessitate discussion , but it never ache to squawk up your good marauder universe .
Green Lacewing Eggs
lacewing fly love musical scale . Bring home some eggsfrom Arbico Organicsin quantities ranging from 1,000 to 250,000 .
Root - knot nematodes(Meloidogyne spp . ) are a serious threat to fig trees in parts of the southern US .
The larvae of these destructive pests taint plant theme , inhibiting their ability to absorb nutrients .
harmonise to G. W. Krewer , prolongation horticulturist , and Floyd Hendrix , plant diagnostician , both ofUniversity of Georgia Extension Service , trees infested with base - knot roundworm can not be cured with chemical treatment .
Krewer and Hendrix suggest snip the tops to balance the weakened root system , which may extend the tree ’s life . Usually , however , infested plants eventually knuckle under and die .
Disease
disease can be a serious threat to your Tree . Your dear opportunity at hold your trees healthy is to discern these problems too soon on and do what it takes to get rid of them before they become a serious return .
Gardeners can deflect most of these by using healthful gardening pattern such as apply mulch , cleaning away deadened works fabric , and disinfect tools .
Figs are susceptible to a couple of different fungal blight , include botrytis tree branch and pink blight , so allow ’s babble about blight first .
cause by the fungusBotrytis cinerea , Botrytis blight resultant role in canker that deaden twigs and limb and cause them to snuff it back .
This disease usually impacts just a few branches here and there and it ’s not the entire tree diagram that will be affected .
Botrytis loves coolheaded , crocked conditions , so outpouring is when it really coruscate .
bar is the practiced music , so spray your tree diagram with Cu fungicide in the spring as the leave come forth and repeat every three weeks until the heater , drier weather get in .
Copper fungicide works against all kinds of fungal disease , which makes it deserving keeping around .
Bonide Copper Fungicide
Pick up a pound or four pounds of dust , which can be immix with water to use as a spraying , at Arbico Organics .
If Botrytis is already present , prune off any diagnostic limb and care for with fuzz . Clean up your garden in the fall and dispose of any diagnostic yield in the garbage , not in your compost .
yield will be cross in a grizzly mould when infect . If you ’ve ever purchased a carton ofstrawberries and one or two are musty , that ’s the same pathogen .
Fig arial mosaic is due to a virus which is spread on infected garden tools and by gadfly .
When the computer virus taint a tree , it causes the leaves to recrudesce lily-livered and light fleeceable lesion and patches . These patch will eventually develop a reddish band around the edges .
Fruit may also become discolored .
While ‘ Kadota ’ and ‘ Calimyrna ’ are nearly immune , most other figs are susceptible , with ‘ Black Mission ’ being peculiarly prostrate .
unluckily , there ’s nothing you could do if the disease is present . Just support your tree to keep it healthy otherwise .
Rust is another character of blight to be cognisant of . It ’s a fungus that depict up on the underside of leaf as raised , reddish - brown spots .
rust fungus is not ordinarily fatal , and unless it ’s an yearly problem , spray with a antifungal is not necessary . Prune off any heavily infested foliage or branches and dispose of the material .
If the disease keeps returning year after year , spray with a cop fungicide early in the spring and again every other week for a totality of four treatments .
Harvesting Fig Fruit
It can be a little thought-provoking to calculate out if fig are good if you ’re new to growing them . That ’s because they go through growth spurts over a period of 90 days .
When they ’re young , they plump up to about half their eventual size of it and then stay that agency for about 30 days .
They swell a bit larger over a few days and then stop grow for another 30 days . Then , they explode to their fledged size and stay that means for 30 twenty-four hour period .
At this percentage point , most people start up to get antsy to cull the fruits , but they are n’t quick yet , even though they do n’t seem to be doing anything .
But after the 30 twenty-four hour period period has passed , they will soften and change colour , with the sugars fully developing and the bitter sap being eliminated from the fruit . This typically happens about two to three week after the 30 day time period .
One way to enjoin if your figs are ready to harvest is when the neck opening becomes nice and soft and the fruit droop . If you glean the fruit , no white sap will leak out out of the neck .
Do n’t agitate the base of the fruit and seize it ’s good to go just because it ’s soft . These fruit mature from the bottom up . It might still be unripe at the neck though the base feels ready and you ’ll be disappointed .
The advanced fruit will be soft to the touch and the skin may begin to part . If you ’re growing a brown miscellany , the cutis will darken to a brownish - purple color just before harvesting meter . But you ca n’t rely on color for immature types .
You ’ll require to snap up them at just the right fourth dimension . Picked too before long , they are n’t yummy – and they wo n’t mature once removed from the flora .
Here ’s the tricky part : You have to time the harvest time of the fruit perfectly , so you get them when they ’re just ripe , but before the $ # & % @ # ! squirrel get them ! Or the bird .
Some gardeners cover modest tree with netting to dissuade wildlife , but this is impractical with large trees . You simply have to be diligent about watching for ripeness and then exhaust the crafty creatures to the commodity .
If you just ca n’t stand the thought process of lose all your figs to herbivore , you’re able to wrap each fig in a mesh base . Motion sensors will also avail for a daytime or two before the animals become habituated .
Preserving Fig Fruit
Harvested figs have a moderately unretentive ledge spirit ; store them in the icebox for two or three days , tops .
To dry these fruits , wash them soundly and then dry out them with a towel . localize them whole or halved on a wire single-foot . Place the wire stand on a baking sheet .
Put the baking sheet in a 140 ° atomic number 9 oven for eight to 24 hr , look into the yield for wet and turn it as needed .
you could also use a dehydrator , follow the same instructions . memorize more about dehydrators from this articleon our sister site , Foodal .
You ’ll love they ’re juiceless when the outsides become leathery and you do n’t see any juice on the interior . They should still be slightly pliable .
Store the dried fruit in the refrigerator or Deepfreeze in airtight containers for 18 to 24 months .
Recipes and Cooking Ideas
If eating them like candy somehow gets tiresome , you may maintain the fruits or tote up them to any phone number of recipes .
This formula for tahini , honey - ridicule Libyan Islamic Group , and banana popsicles fromour sister site , Foodalis delicious . These frozen goody are fill up and not too odoriferous .
Packed with figs , banana tree , and tahini , they do double - obligation as breakfast or sweet .
And a odorous fig livens up a novel salad , too ! Check out this recipe for rocket salad Dijon salad with figs , pistachios , and pea plant shoots , also from Foodal .
Or if you have an abundant harvest , check out this recipe for leisurely fig jam , alsofrom Foodal .
you may use your fresh , homemade press in a satisfying roasted Gallus gallus panini . Does n’t that voice delicious ? you could rule the recipe overat Foodal .
Quick Reference Growing Guide
Welcome the Fig Leaf
clear , we are whole in favor of dismissing any negative connotations regarding the use of the fig foliage as a cover version for thing disagreeable .
Indeed , the common fig tree is a most conformable and generous specimen of a plant whose fruit is more than 50 percent saccharide . We make bold you to cat slander on this philanthropic beauty .
In fact , we take : Why would n’t you plant this specie ? southerly gardeners , pick out a wide spot . presently you ’ll all be members of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group fanatics club !
And if you ’re see toexpand your homegrown yield repertoireeven more , check out these guide next :
© Ask the Experts , LLC . ALL right RESERVED.See our TOSfor more details . Originally published by Gretchen Heber on February 19 , 2019 . Last updated on 3rd June , 2023 . Product photograph via Arbico Organics , Boshen , Fast Growing Trees , and Nature Hills Nursery . Uncredited exposure : Shutterstock .
About
Kristine Lofgren
